Python开发容易忽略的问题（u011249248）
这篇文章主要介绍了Python程序员代码编写时应该避免的17个“坑”,也可以说成Python程序员代码编写时应该避免的17个问题,需要的朋友可以参考下
九、列表的+和+=, append和extend
复制代码代码如下:
In [17]: print('ID:', id(a_list))
('ID:', 4481323592)
In [18]: a_list += [1]
In [19]: print('ID (+=):', id(a_list))
('ID (+=):', 4481323592) # 使用+= 还是在原来的列表上操作
In [20]: a_list = a_list + [2]
In [21]: print('ID (list = list + ...):', id(a_list))
('ID (list = list + ...):', 4481293056) # 简单的+其实已经改变了原有列表
In [28]: a_list = []
In [29]: id(a_list)
Out[29]: 4481326976
In [30]: a_list.append(1)
In [31]: id(a_list)
Out[31]: 4481326976 # append 是在原有列表添加
In [32]: a_list.extend([2])
In [33]: id(a_list)
Out[33]: 4481326976 # extend 也是在原有列表上添加
十、datetime也有布尔值
这是一个坑
复制代码代码如下:
In [34]: import datetime
In [35]: print('"datetime.time(0,0,0)" (Midnight) ->', bool(datetime.time(0,0,0)))
('"datetime.time(0,0,0)" (Midnight) ->', False)
In [36]: print('"datetime.time(1,0,0)" (1 am) ->', bool(datetime.time(1,0,0)))
('"datetime.time(1,0,0)" (1 am) ->', True)
十一、'==' 和 is 的区别
我的理解是”is”是判断2个对象的身份, ==是判断2个对象的值
复制代码代码如下:
In [37]: a = 1
In [38]: b = 1
In [39]: print('a is b', bool(a is b))
('a is b', True)
In [40]: c = 999
In [41]: d = 999
In [42]: print('c is d', bool(c is d))
('c is d', False) # 原因是python的内存管理,缓存了-5 - 256的对象
In [43]: print('256 is 257-1', 256 is 257-1)
('256 is 257-1', True)
In [44]: print('257 is 258-1', 257 is 258 - 1)
('257 is 258-1', False)
In [45]: print('-5 is -6+1', -5 is -6+1)
('-5 is -6+1', True)
In [46]: print('-7 is -6-1', -7 is -6-1)
('-7 is -6-1', False)
In [47]: a = 'hello world!'
In [48]: b = 'hello world!'
In [49]: print('a is b,', a is b)
('a is b,', False) # 很明显 他们没有被缓存,这是2个字段串的对象
In [50]: print('a == b,', a == b)
('a == b,', True) # 但他们的值相同
# But, 有个特例
In [51]: a = float('nan')
In [52]: print('a is a,', a is a)
('a is a,', True)
In [53]: print('a == a,', a == a)
('a == a,', False) # 亮瞎我眼睛了~
十二、浅拷贝和深拷贝
我们在实际开发中都可以向对某列表的对象做修改,但是可能不希望改动原来的列表. 浅拷贝只拷贝父对象，深拷贝还会拷贝对象的内部的子对象
复制代码代码如下:
In [65]: list1 = [1, 2]
In [66]: list2 = list1 # 就是个引用, 你操作list2,其实list1的结果也会变
In [67]: list3 = list1[:]
In [69]: import copy
In [70]: list4 = copy.copy(list1) # 他和list3一样 都是浅拷贝
In [71]: id(list1), id(list2), id(list3), id(list4)
Out[71]: (4480620232, 4480620232, 4479667880, 4494894720)
In [72]: list2[0] = 3
In [73]: print('list1:', list1)
('list1:', [3, 2])
In [74]: list3[0] = 4
In [75]: list4[1] = 4
In [76]: print('list1:', list1)
('list1:', [3, 2]) # 对list3和list4操作都没有对list1有影响
# 再看看深拷贝和浅拷贝的区别
In [88]: from copy import copy, deepcopy
In [89]: list1 = [[1], [2]]
In [90]: list2 = copy(list1) # 还是浅拷贝
In [91]: list3 = deepcopy(list1) # 深拷贝
In [92]: id(list1), id(list2), id(list3)
Out[92]: (4494896592, 4495349160, 4494896088)
In [93]: list2[0][0] = 3
In [94]: print('list1:', list1)
('list1:', [[3], [2]]) # 看到了吧 假如你操作其子对象 还是和引用一样 影响了源
In [95]: list3[0][0] = 5
In [96]: print('list1:', list1)
('list1:', [[3], [2]]) # 深拷贝就不会影响
十三、bool其实是int的子类
复制代码代码如下:
In [97]: isinstance(True, int)
Out[97]: True
In [98]: True + True
Out[98]: 2
In [99]: 3 * True + True
Out[99]: 4
In [100]: 3 * True - False
Out[100]: 3
In [104]: True << 10
Out[104]: 1024
十五、元组是不是真的不可变?
复制代码代码如下:
In [111]: tup = ([],)
In [112]: tup[0] += [1]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-112-d4f292cf35de> in <module>()
----> 1 tup[0] += [1]
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
In [113]: tup
Out[113]: ([1],) # 我靠 又是亮瞎我眼睛,明明抛了异常 还能修改?
In [114]: tup = ([],)
In [115]: tup[0].extend([1])
In [116]: tup[0]
Out[116]: [1] # 好吧,我有点看明白了, 虽然我不能直接操作元组，但是不能阻止我操作元组中可变的子对象(list)
这里有个不错的解释Python's += Is Weird, Part II :
复制代码代码如下:
In [117]: my_tup = (1,)
In [118]: my_tup += (4,)
In [119]: my_tup = my_tup + (5,)
In [120]: my_tup
Out[120]: (1, 4, 5) # ? 嗯 不是不能操作元组嘛?
In [121]: my_tup = (1,)
In [122]: print(id(my_tup))
4481317904
In [123]: my_tup += (4,)
In [124]: print(id(my_tup))
4480606864 # 操作的不是原来的元组 所以可以
In [125]: my_tup = my_tup + (5,)
In [126]: print(id(my_tup))
4474234912
十六、python没有私有方法/变量? 但是可以有”伪”的
复制代码代码如下:
In [127]: class my_class(object^E):
.....: def public_method(self):
.....: print('Hello public world!')
.....: def __private_method(self): # 私有以双下划线开头
.....: print('Hello private world!')
.....: def call_private_method_in_class(self):
.....: self.__private_method()
In [132]: my_instance = my_class()
In [133]: my_instance.public_method()
Hello public world! # 普通方法
In [134]: my_instance._my_class__private_method()
Hello private world! # 私有的可以加"_ + 类名字 + 私有方法名字”
In [135]: my_instance.call_private_method_in_class()
Hello private world! # 还可以通过类提供的公有接口内部访问
In [136]: my_instance._my_class__private_variable
Out[136]: 1
十七、异常处理加else
复制代码代码如下:
In [150]: try:
.....: print('third element:', a_list[2])
.....: except IndexError:
.....: print('raised IndexError')
.....: else:
.....: print('no error in try-block') # 只有在try里面没有异常的时候才会执行else里面的表达式
.....:
raised IndexError # 抛异常了 没完全完成
In [153]: i = 0
In [154]: while i < 2:
.....: print(i)
.....: i += 1
.....: else:
.....: print('in else')
.....:
0
1
in else # while也支持哦~
In [155]: i = 0
In [156]: while i < 2:
.....: print(i)
.....: i += 1
.....: break
.....: else:
.....: print('completed while-loop')
.....:
0 # 被break了 没有完全执行完 就不执行else里面的了
In [158]: for i in range(2):
.....: print(i)
.....: else:
.....: print('completed for-loop')
.....:
0
1
completed for-loop
In [159]: for i in range(2):
.....: print(i)
.....: break
.....: else:
.....: print('completed for-loop')
.....:
0 # 也是因为break了
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